MORPHOLOGY & MORPHEME
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Hi, everyone. This following paper is an example of small paper related to linguistics. It is a study about language and one of my lectures in my department.
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The term morphology is generally attributed to the[1] The
first time (1859) a linguist from German August Schleicher took morphology into
linguistics, it refers to the study of the form of words. In the next
developing, the term morphology refers to the study of the internal structure
of words, and of the systematic form-meaning correspondences between words.
German poet, novelist, playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph-means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.
German poet, novelist, playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context. Its etymology is Greek: morph-means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms. In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.
So, in the other words, morphology is the study of the
construction of words out of morphemes.
B. Morpheme
1. Definition Morphemes
In some points, morpheme can also have meanings:
·
Morpheme is smallest
linguistic unit that has a meaning or grammatical function or the smallest unit
of linguistic meaning (but not the smallest unit of meaning)
·
A single word may be
composed of one or more morphemes.
Example: un+system+atic+al+ly
(The word unsystematically can be analyzed into 5 separate morphemes)
·
A grammatical unit in which
there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further
analyzed.
These are some kind of morpheme:
One morpheme
Ex. boy (one syllable), desire, lady, water (two syllables), crocodile
(three syllables), salamander (four syllables), or more syllables
Two morphemes
Ex. boy + ish,
desire + able
Three morphemes
Ex. boy + ish + ness,
desire + able + ity
Four morphemes
Ex. gentle + man + li + ness,
un + desire + able + ity
More than four
morphemes
Ex. un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism
2. Morph
If we consider the elements in words like (she) works,
worked, worker, workhouse, we find in a first step in the analysis recurrent
forms: work, -s, -ed, -er, house.
These are called morphs. So, morph is phonological representations of an
element, a segment, which is not yet classified. In addition, morph is the unit
of grammatical form which realizes a morpheme.
3. Free Morpheme and Bound
Morpheme
According
to positions, morpheme consists of:
a)
Free morpheme (stem): morphemes that can stand alone as words
(ex) : clock, sick
b)
Bound morpheme (affix):
morphemes that always attach to other morphemes, never existing as words
themselves.
Affixes (prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix) are all bound morphemes.
Prefixes
|
Bound morphemes which occur only
before other morphemes.
Examples: un- (uncover, undo)
dis- (displeased, disconnect),
pre- (predetermine, prejudge)
|
Suffixes
|
Bound
morphemes which occur following other morphemes.
Examples: -er (singer, performer)
-ist (typist, pianist)
-ly (manly, friendly)
|
Infixes
|
Bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.
Example: fikas "strong"
fumikas "to be strong"
(Bontoc Language)
|
Circumfixes
(discontinuous
morpheme)
|
Bound
morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and
finally.
Example: chokma "he is good"
ik + chokm + o"he isn’t’ good"
(Chickasaw Language)
|
transfix
|
a discontinuous affix cuts across the morpheme, like two
interlocking combs,
Example: in Semitic (templatic) languages: k-t-b ‘write’,
inflection and derivation is done by vowels, kátab ‘write’, kitáab ‘book’,
kútub ‘books’, etc.
|
4.
Derivational and Inflectional
morpheme
According
to function, morpheme consists of:
a)
Free morpheme (stem)
b)
Bound morpheme (affix),
consists of:
·
Derivational morphemes:
morphemes that change the meaning or lexical category of the words to which
they attach (ex) multi-, -ation
·
Inflectional morphemes:
morphemes that serve a purely grammatical function, never creating a new word
but only a different form of the same word (ex) -ed, -’ s
Derivational morphemes
|
Inflectional morphemes
|
1. Derivational morphemes derive a new word by being attached to
root morphemes or stems.
|
1. Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as
number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called
bound grammatical morphemes
|
2. They can be both suffixes and prefixes in English.
Examples: beautiful, exactly,
recover, unhappy, impossible,
|
2. They are only found in suffixes in English.
Examples: boys, Mary’s, walked
|
3. Change of Meaning
Examples: un+do (the
opposite meaning of ‘do’)
sing+er (deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who
sings).
|
3. No change of Meaning
Examples: walk vs. walks
toy vs. toys
|
4. Change of the syntactic category (optionally)
a) Change of category
Noun to Adjective
boy (noun) + ish => boyish
(adj.)
affection (n) + ate =>
affectionate (adj.)
Verb to Noun
Sing (Verb) + er => singer (noun)
predict (Verb) + ion =>
prediction (noun)
Adjective to Adverb exact (adj)
+ ly =>
exactly (adv)
quiet (adj) + ly => quietly
(adv.)
Noun to Verb
moral (n) + ize =>
moralize (v)
Adjective to Noun
specific (Adj.) + ity => specificity (noun)
b) No change of category
friend+ship
(Noun => Noun)
pink+ish
(Adjective => Adjective)
re+print
(Verb => Verb)
|
4. Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme
to they which they are attached. They are always attached to completed words
Examples:
walk vs. walked or walks
(V=> V)
boy vs. boys (N => N)
eat vs. eating (progressive)
(V=>V)
In English, inflectional
morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes
Examples:
unlikelihood, unlikelihoods (not
*unlikeslihood)
|
5. English Inflectional
Morphemes Examples:
-s
third person singular present
She waits at
home.
-ed past tense
She waited at
home.
-ing progressive
She is eating
the donut.
-en past participle
Mary has eaten
the donuts.
-s
plural
She ate the
donuts.
-’s possessive
Disa's hair is
short.
-er comparative
Disa has
shorter hair than Karin.
-est superlative
Disa has the
shortest hair.
|
5. Allomorph
Allomorphs of a morpheme are in complementary
distribution. This means that they cannot substitute for each other. Hence,
we cannot replace one allomorph of a morpheme by another allomorph of that
morpheme and change meaning. In fact, many morphemes have two or more different
pronunciations, called allomorphs the choice between them being determined by
the context. So, allomorphs is a variant form of a morpheme.
The distribution of allomorphs is usually subject to
phonological conditioning. However, sometimes phonological factors play no role
in the selection of allomorphs. Instead, the choice of allomorph may be
grammatically conditioned. It may be dependent on the presence of a particular
grammatical element. In other cases, the choice of the allomorph may be
lexically conditioned, use of a particular allomorph may be obligatory if a
certain word is present. We can see this in the realisation of plural in
English.
REFERENCES
Aronoff, Mark and Kirsten Fudeman. 1999. Morphology And Morphological Analysis, Hoboken , New
Jersey
Delahunty and Garvey. Morphology And Word Formation
Jeffers, Robert J. and
Lehiste, Ilse. 1979. Principles and Methods for Historical Linguistics.
MIT Press.
Katamba, Francis.
2004. English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge.
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